Published Documents
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Condition Indicators in Footway Maintenance
01/06/2002 - TRL Limited was commissioned by the Highways Agency to investigate the potential use of route hierarchies and Condition Indicators for pedestrian routes in the management of footway maintenance. With the total number of defects identified being in excess of 60, the defects have been categorised into user-related surface defects and personal security, user satisfaction and comfort defects based on Safety, Accessibility, Comfort and Environment parameters. An attempt has been made to combine defects with user related parameters to formulate possible Condition Indicators for Safety, Accessibility, Comfort and Environment. Proposals are made for a method of combining these Condition Indicators into an overall Indicator for sub-lengths of footway, as well as for the whole route of a single footway category. The Indicators may be suitable for use at network and project levels. They may also be derived from sample surveys undertaken on part of a footway route.
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Development of a Risk Analysis Model for Footways and Cycle Tracks
23/11/2006 - This report describes the application of risk management techniques to the management and maintenance of footways and cycle tracks, essentially to address the physical risk of accidents to pedestrians and cyclists resulting from the construction and maintenance of footway and cycle track surfaces.
The background to the current safety management culture is considered in the context of footway and cycle track maintenance, with risk measured as the number of injury accidents per km walked or cycled. Detailed advice on risk management is given in relation to policy and categorisation, and on strategic, tactical and operational issues.
From records of third party claims the probability of a person injuring themselves on a defect of given height is derived. The cost of these accidents and the number of accidents resulting in claims is also examined.
Medical literature on aspects of walking, tripping and obstacle clearance is discussed as are the factors which influence whether a person fails to notice a defect, then trips or slips on that defect, then falls, and then injures themselves.
A risk assessment model for footways is developed to calculate the number of accidents on a highway authority’s network. The model is based on deriving the probability that a person walking over a given defect will fall and be injured, and on the assumption that the numbers of defects on the network will be a dynamic balance between the rate at which they appear and the rate at which they are repaired. A software tool containing this model is under development.
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Footway Maintenance Management
27/03/2006 - This report reviews and investigates current threshold levels with the aim of establishing levels for maintenance investigation. These cannot be viewed in isolation from other procedures that each Highway Authority will have in place. Therefore, the report also examines the overall maintenance system. The objectives of footway maintenance are to provide a safe environment, to prevent deterioration, and to provide a satisfactory surface quality to encourage walking. There are benefits in planned and timely preventative maintenance. However with funds for maintenance limited, many Highway Authorities are not able to carry out inspections for maintenance on a systematic basis, let alone undertake maintenance improvement schemes. A staged process of inspection is proposed which provides the basis for prioritising funds and identifying the need for increased funding. The process consists firstly of the selection of schemes based on information to hand, supplemented where necessary by a coarse type of inspection, secondly the further selection based on a detailed inspection, and thirdly the prioritisation and selection of treatment type. Three different threshold levels are proposed: safety, maintenance and serviceability; provisional thresholds are proposed based on a study of current standards and other available literature.
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Whole Life Value of Footways and Cycle Tracks
14/08/2006 - While whole life costing is considered important, a literature review of the whole life costing of footways and cycle tracks found that there is little and contradictory guidance on which materials and methods result in whole life cost benefits. This report provides guidance on the whole life evaluation of footways and cycle tracks. The concept of whole life costing, its principles and a method of producing qualitative whole life costs are presented. Other aspects which affect the choice of footway materials and the wider costs, such as claims, accidents, regeneration schemes and sustainability are discussed. Whole life value is also considered; this aims to achieve the optimum balance between whole life costs on the one hand, and the aspirations, needs, and requirements of stakeholders on the other. Aesthetics can play a large role in choice of footway material in urban settings because aesthetically pleasing footways can encourage business and regeneration of an area. Information on construction and maintenance costs was obtained from a number of local authorities and showed that there were large regional variations in costs. Average costs and typical maintenance regimes were used to model the whole life cost of asphalt and flagged footways. It was found that in rural areas where maintenance is infrequent the whole life cost is dominated by construction costs and therefore flexible footways are the least expensive. In urban locations where there is a greater degree of vehicle overrun and disruption by utilities, maintenance is more frequent and the whole life costs of flexible surfacing and slabs are similar. However slabs are thought more likely to cause trips, increasing accident costs.
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